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<h1 id="一、JSON简介"><a href="#一、JSON简介" class="headerlink" title="一、JSON简介"></a><font size=3>一、JSON简介</font></h1><h2 id="1-什么是JSON"><a href="#1-什么是JSON" class="headerlink" title="1. 什么是JSON"></a><font size=3>1. 什么是JSON</font></h2><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.json.org/">JSON</a> 全称 JavaScript Object Notation，即 JS对象简谱，是一种轻量级的数据格式。它采用完全独立于编程语言的文本格式来存储和表示数据，语法简洁、层次结构清晰，易于人阅读和编写，同时也易于机器解析和生成，有效的提升了网络传输效率。</p>
<h2 id="2-优缺点"><a href="#2-优缺点" class="headerlink" title="2. 优缺点"></a><font size=3>2. 优缺点</font></h2><h3 id="2-1-优点"><a href="#2-1-优点" class="headerlink" title="2.1 优点"></a><font size=3>2.1 优点</font></h3><p>（1）<strong>与 JavaScript 完美兼容</strong>：JSON 格式源自 JavaScript，因此它与 JavaScript 非常兼容，并且易于在 JavaScript 应用程序中使用。</p>
<p>（2）<strong>轻量级</strong>：JSON 格式非常轻量级，因此它非常适合在网络中传输大量数据。相比于 XML，它的数据量更小，传输速度更快。</p>
<p>（3）<strong>多语言支持</strong>：JSON 格式是一种跨语言的格式，它可以被许多不同语言的程序支持，易于解析和生成，几乎所有编程语言都支持 JSON。</p>
<p>（4）<strong>易于阅读和编辑</strong>：JSON 格式非常易于阅读和编写，因为它具有简单的语法和结构，格式清晰，具有良好的可读性。</p>
<h3 id="2-2-缺点"><a href="#2-2-缺点" class="headerlink" title="2.2 缺点"></a><font size=3>2.2 缺点</font></h3><p>（1）<strong>不支持注释：</strong> JSON 格式不支持注释，这可能使得编写和维护复杂数据时变得有些困难。</p>
<p>（2）<strong>无法表示二进制数据：</strong> JSON 格式无法直接表示二进制数据，这意味着它无法用于存储和传输图像、视频等二进制数据。</p>
<p>（3）<strong>不支持命名空间：</strong> JSON 不支持命名空间，这可能会导致不同的应用程序之间发生命名冲突。</p>
<p>（4）<strong>不支持DTD：</strong> JSON 不支持 DTD，这使得在验证 JSON 数据格式时不太方便。</p>
<h1 id="二、语法规则"><a href="#二、语法规则" class="headerlink" title="二、语法规则"></a><font size=3>二、语法规则</font></h1><p>JSON 由两种数据结构组成：<strong>对象</strong>和<strong>数组</strong>。</p>
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<p>Tips</p>
<ul>
<li>JSON的字符串必须使用双引号<code>&quot; &quot;</code>，而不能使用单引号<code>&#39; &#39;</code>。</li>
<li>JSON的值可以是字符串、数字、布尔值、null、对象或数组。</li>
<li>JSON的键必须是字符串，必须使用双引号<code>&quot; &quot;</code>。</li>
<li>JSON的格式必须严格遵守规定，否则可能会导致解析错误。</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="1-对象"><a href="#1-对象" class="headerlink" title="1. 对象"></a><font size=3>1. 对象</font></h2><p>对象（object）是由键值对组成的无序集合，键是字符串，值可以是任何类型，包括对象和数组。对象由一对花括号<code>&#123; &#125;</code>包围，键和值之间用冒号<code>:</code>分隔。键值对之间用逗号<code>,</code>分隔。例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">&quot;list&quot;</span> : [ </span><br><span class="line">        &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">&quot;name&quot;</span>: <span class="string">&quot;sumu&quot;</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">&quot;ID&quot;</span>: <span class="number">1</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    ] </span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在这个例子中，对象的键是<code>&quot;name&quot;</code>和<code>&quot;ID&quot;</code>，对应的值是字符串、数字和字符串。</p>
<h2 id="2-数组"><a href="#2-数组" class="headerlink" title="2. 数组"></a><font size=3>2. 数组</font></h2><p>数组（array）是值（value）的有序集合，每个值可以是任何类型，包括对象和数组。数组由一对方括号<code>[ ]</code>包裹，值之间用逗号<code>,</code>分隔。例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight css"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="selector-attr">[  <span class="string">&quot;apple&quot;</span>,  <span class="string">&quot;banana&quot;</span>,  <span class="string">&quot;orange&quot;</span>]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在这个例子中，数组包含三个字符串元素：<code>&quot;apple&quot;</code>、<code>&quot;banana&quot;</code>和<code>&quot;orange&quot;</code>。</p>
<h2 id="3-值"><a href="#3-值" class="headerlink" title="3. 值"></a><font size=3>3. 值</font></h2><p>值（value）可以是花括号<code>&#123; &#125;</code>括起来的字符串（String）、数值(Number)、布尔值(true&#x2F;false)、 null、对象（Object）或者数组（Array），这些结构可以嵌套。</p>
<h3 id="3-1-字符串"><a href="#3-1-字符串" class="headerlink" title="3.1 字符串"></a><font size=3>3.1 字符串</font></h3><p>JSON 字符串是由双引号<code>&quot; &quot;</code>包围的 Unicode 字符序列，使用反斜杠 &#96;&#96; 转义。</p>
<p>举个例子：</p>
<figure class="highlight json"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="string">&quot;sumu&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">&quot;father&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="string">&quot;sumu_f&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">&#125;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在这个例子中，字符串<code>&quot;name&quot;</code>和<code>&quot;father&quot;</code>是由双引号<code>&quot; &quot;</code>包围的。</p>
<h3 id="3-2-数字"><a href="#3-2-数字" class="headerlink" title="3.2 数字"></a><font size=3>3.2 数字</font></h3><p>JSON 数字可以是整数或浮点数。例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight json"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="number">30</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">&quot;weight&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="number">65.5</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">&#125;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在这个例子中，数字<code>&quot;30&quot;</code>和<code>&quot;65.5&quot;</code>分别是整数和浮点数，不需要双引号<code>&quot; &quot;</code>包围。</p>
<h3 id="3-3-布尔值"><a href="#3-3-布尔值" class="headerlink" title="3.3 布尔值"></a><font size=3>3.3 布尔值</font></h3><p>JSON 布尔值只有两个取值：true 和 false。如：</p>
<figure class="highlight json"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">&quot;isStudent&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="literal"><span class="keyword">true</span></span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">&quot;isEmployed&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="literal"><span class="keyword">false</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">&#125;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在这个例子中，布尔值<code>&quot;isStudent&quot;</code>的取值为<code>true</code>，布尔值<code>&quot;isEmployed&quot;</code>的取值为<code>false</code>，不需要双引号<code>&quot; &quot;</code>包围。</p>
<h3 id="3-4-null"><a href="#3-4-null" class="headerlink" title="3.4 null"></a><font size=3>3.4 null</font></h3><p>JSON 的 null 表示一个空值。例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight json"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">&quot;middleName&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="literal"><span class="keyword">null</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">&#125;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>在这个例子中，<code>&quot;middleName&quot;</code>的值为<code>null</code>，不需要双引号<code>&quot; &quot;</code>包围。</p>
<h2 id="4-JSON实例"><a href="#4-JSON实例" class="headerlink" title="4. JSON实例"></a><font size=3>4. JSON实例</font></h2><h3 id="4-1-复杂对象实例"><a href="#4-1-复杂对象实例" class="headerlink" title="4.1 复杂对象实例"></a><font size=3>4.1 复杂对象实例</font></h3><figure class="highlight json"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">&quot;id&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="number">101</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="string">&quot;sumu&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">&quot;is_active&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="literal"><span class="keyword">true</span></span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">&quot;roles&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="punctuation">[</span><span class="string">&quot;admin&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span> <span class="string">&quot;editor&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">]</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">&quot;contact&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;email&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="string">&quot;sumu@example.com&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;phone&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="string">&quot;123-4567-8900&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="punctuation">&#125;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">&quot;preferences&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;notifications&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="attr">&quot;email&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="literal"><span class="keyword">true</span></span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="attr">&quot;sms&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="literal"><span class="keyword">false</span></span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="punctuation">&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="punctuation">&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">&#125;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="4-2-数组实例"><a href="#4-2-数组实例" class="headerlink" title="4.2 数组实例"></a><font size=3>4.2 数组实例</font></h3><figure class="highlight json"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">[</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="string">&quot;sumu&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="number">28</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;skills&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="punctuation">[</span><span class="string">&quot;C&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span> <span class="string">&quot;Python&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">]</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="punctuation">&#125;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="string">&quot;sm&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="number">34</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="attr">&quot;skills&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="punctuation">[</span><span class="string">&quot;Java&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span> <span class="string">&quot;C++&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">]</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="punctuation">&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h1 id="三、JSON-和-XML"><a href="#三、JSON-和-XML" class="headerlink" title="三、JSON 和 XML"></a><font size=3>三、JSON 和 XML</font></h1><h2 id="1-两者的比较"><a href="#1-两者的比较" class="headerlink" title="1. 两者的比较"></a><font size=3>1. 两者的比较</font></h2><p>JSON 和 XML都是常用的数据交换格式。它们之间有什么区别呢？</p>
<ul>
<li>（1）<strong>简洁性与可读性：</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>JSON 比 XML 更加简洁和易读。相比于 XML 的繁琐闭合标签，JSON 采用更为紧凑的表示形式，使得数据结构更清晰明了。</p>
<ul>
<li>（2）<strong>解析速度与带宽占用：</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>JSON 的解析速度通常比 XML 更快，因为它的结构简单，不需要解析复杂的标签。此外，JSON 数据通常占用的带宽更少，有助于提高传输效率。</p>
<ul>
<li>（3）<strong>数据复杂性：</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>XML 比 JSON 更适合描述复杂的数据类型和嵌套结构。XML 支持命名空间和多种数据格式，这使得它在处理复杂数据和配置文件时具有优势。</p>
<ul>
<li>（4）<strong>注释支持：</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>JSON 不支持注释，这意味着在数据中不能嵌入注释说明。而 XML 则支持注释，可以在数据文档中添加解释说明，便于维护和理解。</p>
<h2 id="2-实例"><a href="#2-实例" class="headerlink" title="2. 实例"></a><font size=3>2. 实例</font></h2><p>下面是一个 XML 文档：</p>
<figure class="highlight xml"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">book</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">title</span>&gt;</span>Happy new year<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">title</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">author</span>&gt;</span>sumu<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">author</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">year</span>&gt;</span>2024<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">year</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">book</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>相应的 JSON 文档如下所示：</p>
<figure class="highlight json"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">&quot;title&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="string">&quot;Happy new year&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">&quot;author&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="string">&quot;sumu&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">&quot;year&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="number">2024</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="punctuation">&#125;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>可以看到，JSON 比 XML 更加简洁，没有了冗余的标签和属性。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>参考资料</p>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://apifox.com/apiskills/detailed-explanation-of-json-data-format/">JSON 数据格式（详解版）</a></p>
</blockquote>

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